Opioids

Opioids are medicines that relieve pain. They may come from the poppy plant or can be man-made. Opioids travel through the blood and attach to receptors in the brain. This blocks pain messages and can boost feelings of pleasure. However, using opioids often can lead to dependence and addiction.

There are no guidelines for opioid use in children. These medicines may be used for moderate to severe pain, such as after surgery for a short amount of time or for cancer pain. Talk to your child's healthcare professional about nonopioid alternatives. Some opioids, including fentanyl and morphine, are given to people of all ages. Opioids such as oxycodone and hydromorphone may be given to children older than 6 months. Opioids such as codeine and tramadol should never be given to children.

The risks of giving certain opioids to children may include breathing troubles, sedation, constipation, nausea, vomiting, itching and death. Long-term opioid use in childhood increases the risk for misuse in young adulthood, including the use of the opioid heroin.